Qualitative Critique A Study - 1663 Words

Qualitative Critique The qualitative approach to research is anchored in the ideographic tradition and seeks to focus on the insiders world and the meanings that are attached to behaviour. While this is a general view of qualitative studies each qualitative design has unique foci. Hudacek (2008) examined the concept of caring in the work of nurses using a phenomenological design. Phenomenology gives attention to the subjective social reality. It gives value to the individual experience of the actor even within highly structured organizations. It is through the everyday experiences that meaning is constructed. The use of phenomenology is therefore highly consistent with the attempt to understand the meaning of caring. The design and the stated purpose of the researcher are highly congruent. The researcher noted that the purpose of the study was to describe the dimensions of caring. Phenomenology is useful for unearthing the individuals understanding of their own behavior and consequently the meaning they attach to particular actions. Another reason the design is in harmony with the purpose of the study is identified by the author; there is a lack of narratives of nursing care. The nursing profession has an acute absence of stories that in their collective strength describe not only what nurses do but why. The why component is a critical aspect of the nursing profession. It determines how actors understand their roles, and the behaviors that are consistent with thoseShow MoreRelatedQualitative Critique Of A Qualitative Study1207 Words   |  5 Pages Qualitative Critique Paper: Critique of a Qualitative Study Grace Fahham Shenandoah University What was the purpose of the study? The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe how occupational therapists’ involved client-centred activities in daily living (CADL) in their practice. This was done by reviewing the therapist’s experiences and reflections about their interaction with clients that suffered from a stroke. The study involved coding of three categoriesRead MoreQualitative Research Critique II 2843 Words   |  4 PagesQUALITATIVE RESEARCH CRITIQUE II 1 Qualitative Research Critique II Vanda McCray Liberty University Qualitative Research Critique II 2 The authors of this article method of data collection was based on a five-focus group and three individual interviews on theRead MoreCritiquing Qualitative and Quantitative Research1465 Words   |  6 PagesUnit 6: Critiquing Qualitative and Quantitative Research Kaplan University July 16, 2013 Unit 6 Critiquing Qualitative and Quantitative Research The research conducted by Foster-Fitzpatrick, Ortiz, Sibilano, Marcantonio and Braun (1999) is a quantitative study of the significance of crossing the legs while blood pressure is being measured. The purpose of the research was to determine whether leg-crossing impacted the results of blood pressure measurements. The research conducted by Palese, SkrapRead MoreQualitative Research Article On Pressure Ulcers980 Words   |  4 PagesQualitative Research Article Critique According to Stockhausen Conrick (2002), â€Å"Learning how to critique research articles is one of the fundamental skills of scholarship in any discipline† (p. 38). Burns Grove (2011) found â€Å"An intellectual critical appraisal of a study involves a careful, complete examination of that study to judge its strengths, weaknesses, meaning, credibility, and significance for practice† (p. 419). The extent, amount and nature of publications accessible today by differentRead MoreQualitative Research : Quantitative Research1442 Words   |  6 Pageslevel, qualitative research involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to the world. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. (Denzin Lincoln, 2005, p. 3) Different from quantitative research that collects and analyzes numerical data, qualitative research deals with non-numerical data such as interviews, participant observations, audio and visual imagesRead MoreEssay on Research Critique Part 1659 Words   |  3 Pages Research Critique Part 1 Grand Canyon University Introduction to Nursing Research NRS-433V Mary OConnell September 5, 2013 Research Critique Part 1 This paper will critique a qualitative research study published in the Journal of Medical Ethics in 2004, By Dr Helen Aveyard, about how nurses manage patients who refuse nursing care procedures. The article explains how nurses view informed consent as not being essential to nursing care procedures. Problem Statement The clinical problemRead MoreResearch Critique Part 1736 Words   |  3 PagesResearch Critique Part 1 Jenna Franz Grand Canyon University Introduction to Nursing Research NRS-433V Mary OConnell September 5, 2013 Research Critique Part 1 This paper will critique a qualitative research study published in the Journal of Medical Ethics in 2004, By Dr Helen Aveyard, about how nurses manage patients who refuse nursing care procedures. The article explains how nurses view informed consent as not being essential to nursing care procedures. Problem Statement The clinicalRead MoreA Research Study On Sedation Management799 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Critique The design of both quantitative and qualitative research offer valuable information to the health sciences. There are circumstances when certainty is necessary, and a quantitative design is needed. In contrast, there are times when an understanding of the quality of a particular social interaction is needed. The paper will apply a quantitative and a qualitative research article to the topic of sedation management to help validate meaning gleaned from two different research designsRead MoreDefinition, Consistency And Neutrality Must Be Addressed?976 Words   |  4 Pagessystematic inquiry into human condition is executed. There are some critiques of qualitative research namely reliability/dependability, generalization/transferability, flexibility, time consuming, objectivity/confirmability, credibility/believability, and sampling/variables. The criticism of qualitative studies inability to generalize their findings to the population is not valid. Williams et al., (2004) asserts that the goal of qualitative research is that one of interpretation, describing individuals’Read MoreEssay on Qualitative Analysis Critique1343 Words   |  6 PagesQualitative Research Critique There are many differences between quantitative and qualitative research. Such things like: quantitative research provides only variables that can predict specific results but it does not tell us very much about how the variables affect an individual’s life course. Qualitative research adversely provides an enriched understanding of characteristics, qualities, attributes, and environmental factors affecting life events. Qualitative analysis can give understanding

The Way To Revolution In George Orwells 1984 Essay

The Way to Revolution in George Orwell’s 1984 Rebecca Solnit, a modern day author, essayist, and activist once wrote that â€Å"The revolution is waiting, but it doesn’t look like what people expected†. Revolution has been both glorified and criticized in human society, but no matter the cause, it is a fundamental change in the status quo. When revolution boils down, it comes to passion, but also the willingness of the few to take great risks for the many. George Orwell’s 1984 returns again and again to a struggle with the concept of rebellion, especially against an oppressive government force like The Party. Does one take the chance of moving forward, or stay stagnant in their current situation? As readers follow Winston in this internal†¦show more content†¦She was too young to remember a life that contradicted The Party’s teachings, and because she believed all Party propaganda to be lies, Julia had no interest in what those teachings were anyway. Julia simply does not care about what the Party is saying to the public. She doesn’t know whether or not it’s true or false, and can’t even remember what was said half the time. For example, Winston asks to recall 4 years ago, when Oceania was fighting with Eastasia, not Eurasia, despite Party insistence that it had always been the other way around. At first, Julia tells Winston that she never paid much attention to Party propaganda, because she didn’t care who was fighting the war. It is only after several minutes of arguing with Winston that Julia can actually remember the difference. Since Julia is so far removed from a cause to rebel, she has no desire to. Ironically Julia works for the Ministry of Truth, one of four essential branches of government in Oceania. Despite its name, the Ministry of Truth is actually concerned with falsifying past events to fit whatever propaganda The Party happens to spew. Altering the past allows The Party to maintain control, because no matter what was originally said, The Party is always right. The majority in Oceania accept these â€Å"facts† and Winston notes â€Å"the only evidence to the contrary was the mute protest in your own bones, the feeling that the conditions you lived in...must have beenShow MoreRelatedThe Literary Impact Of George Orwell . George Orwell, Born1375 Words   |  6 Pages The Literary Impact of George Orwell George Orwell, born as Eric Arthur Blair, was a British journalist and author. His works were compelling, especially, when it comes to his strong political beliefs. He is considered one of the most widely admired English-language essayists of the twentieth century. As Elkins points out, he is best known for the two novels that were written toward the end of his life: the anti-utopian political allegory Animal Farm and the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-FourRead MoreGeorge Orwell Research Paper2355 Words   |  10 PagesGeorge Orwell: The Prophesier George Orwell once said, â€Å"freedom is the right to tell people what they do not want to hear†, that, essentially, â€Å"speaking the truth in times of universal deceit is a revolutionary act†. (â€Å"George Orwell†) Orwell’s words reveal his political views in the absolute truest form. His uninhibited writing style forced readers to not only to listen what he had to say, but to also recognize his writing as the truth. Although his veracity was supposed to be accepted withoutRead MoreGeneral Commentary of 1984 by George Orwell1514 Words   |  7 PagesGeneral Commentary of 1984 by George Orwell George Orwells dystopian (a fictional place where people lead dehumanized and fearful lives) vision of the year 1984, as depicted in what many consider to be his greatest novel, has entered the collective consciousness of the English-speaking world more completely than perhaps any other political text, whether fiction or nonfiction. No matter how far our contemporary world may seem from 1984s Oceania, any suggestion of government surveillanceRead MorePolitics and the English Language: George Orwell955 Words   |  4 Pages George Orwell’s article â€Å"Politics and the English Language† gives six rules that authors should follow by to be good writers. After reading the article, one notices how often these rules are broken by authors all the time. George Orwell’s article makes readers question whether or not an author knows how to dictate their own thoughts. By breaking Orwell’s rules, an author loses attachment with a reader, and therefore will be unabl e to convey their message successfully. George Orwell’s first ruleRead MoreRewriting History, Marxist Elements in Orwells 1984 and Their Outcome on Love2054 Words   |  9 PagesElements and their Outcome on Love in Orwell’s 1984 George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four is a dystopian novel which presents an exagerated version of a totalitarian regime which not only controlled everything but which also could not be removed by any means. Orwell’s novel drew attention, back in 1949 when the novel was published, upon how this world would look like if a totalitarian regime would truly take over. My aim for this essay is to analyze Orwell’s novel with respect to the marxist elementsRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Childhood And The Situations2494 Words   |  10 Pagesforce. In the early twentieth century many travesties went unnoticed due to idleness of the people. George Orwell was one of the first writers to ever become fully involved in his writings and take action to discover the truth. Through his actions as a writer Orwell started a chain of events and continue to inspire political policies present today. The aim of this paper is to analyze how George Orwell’s childhood and the situation s in which he placed himself during his life contributed to his writingRead MoreEssay on Analysis of George Orwells 19844218 Words   |  17 PagesAnalysis of George Orwells 1984 War Is Peace. Freedom Is Slavery. Ignorance Is Strength. The party slogan of Ingsoc illustrates the sense of contradiction which characterizes the novel 1984. That the book was taken by many as a condemnation of socialism would have troubled Orwell greatly, had he lived to see the aftermath of his work. 1984 was a warning against totalitarianism and state sponsored brutality driven by excess technology. Socialist idealism in 1984 had turned to a total loss ofRead More Geroge Orwell Essay1878 Words   |  8 PagesOrwell bequeathed us was the adjective ‘Orwellian’†¦. It is a frightening word, generally applied to a society organized to crush and dehumanize the individual, sometimes signifying the alienation of that individual if he dares to rebel† (Lewis 13). George Orwell, the pseudonym for Eric Arthur Blair, depicted the importance of the individual in society and the danger of too much community in his literature. Through his personal experiences, howeve r, he explored the ideas of socialism and was torn betweenRead More George Orwell Essay2106 Words   |  9 PagesGeorge Orwell Eric Arthur Blair was born in 1903 at Motihari in British-occupied India. While growing up, he attended private schools in Sussex, Wellington and Eaton. He worked at the Imperial Indian Police until 1927 when he went to London to study the poverty stricken. He then moved to Paris where he wrote two lost novels. After he moved back to England he wrote Down and Out in Paris and London, Burmese Days, A Clergyman’s Daughter and Keep the Apidistra Flying. He published all four underRead More Animal Farm as a Political Satire to Criticise Totalitarian Regimes4636 Words   |  19 PagesAnimal Farm as a Political Satire to Criticise Totalitarian Regimes This study aims to determine that George Orwells Animal Farm is a political satire which was written to criticise totalitarian regimes and particularly Stalins practices in Russia. In order to provide background information that would reveal causes led Orwell to write Animal Farm, Chapter one is devoted to a brief summary of the progress of authors life and significant events that had impact on his political convictions. Chapter

Types of Business Forms free essay sample

How to choose the right type of Business form LAW/531 How to choose the right type of Business form Today’s business world has many choices for the new entrepreneur to decide from when forming a business. The choices are sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability partnership, a limited liability company, a S corporation, a franchise, and a corporate form. Development of scenarios portraying each of these forms of business will aid the entrepreneur with deciding which form will be the best choice for the business.Sole Proprietorship â€Å"Sole proprietorship is the simplest form of business organization. The owner of the business the sole proprietor is the business† (Cheeseman, 2010 p. 530) advantages to this form of business is that it is easy to form and does not cost much in regard to monetary allocation. The owner makes all the decisions and owns all of the business and its profits. Samantha is a young woman who wants to own her own business. Sam’s Dragon Salts, a bath salt business.Sam operates the business out of her home, Sam is the owner of the business, and because she is the only owner the business is run as a sole proprietor that is, â€Å":a business owned by only one person and operated for his or her profit† (Kauffman Foundation, 2007) . Sole proprietorship is the easiest to own and maintain requiring little to no paperwork or approvals to begin operation. Sam’s bath salt business has done well and orders are coming in faster then she can fill so Sam now has advanced her business to the point where she needs to take on a partner. Sam starts researching the different types of partnership forms available to assist her with taking her business to the next step. Partnership â€Å"A partnership forms when two or more entities join together for a common business purpose. Two or more people, a person and a corporation, two corporations, or even two partnerships may form a partnership. † (Kaufman foundation, 2007 p. 2). Sam is forming a partnership with her best friend Beth who, like Sam, is a sole proprietor of a homemade hand lotion business.After meeting and discussing things they both have decided to become partners in a business which they decide to name Dragon Scales Bath and Lotion. When deciding to form the partnership, Sam and Beth, had to decide the type of partnership that their new business would become. Partnerships can be either general or limited. General partnerships are defined as â€Å"a voluntary association of two or more persons for carrying on a business as co-owners for profit. General partners are personally liable for the debts and obligations of the partnership. (Cheeseman, 2010 p. 534) In the formation of a general partnership, four criteria must be met. The partnership has to be (1) formed with association of two or more persons (2) carrying on a business (3) as co owners (4) for profit (Cheeseman, 2010 p. 534). A general partnership can be formed with little to no formality and must be a co-ownership. To prevent any problems from occurring in the partnership, it is important for Sam and Beth to have a partnership agreement.The partnership agreement may be written or oral and depending on what state Beth and Sam are living in, they may have to file a certificate of partnership with the government agency responsible for business formation rules and regulations. Sam and Beth realized as their partnership advanced that they needed to move the business from their homes to a building but did not have enough capital to attain a building. After much discussion and research they decided that they need to add investors in their business that converted their general partnership to a limited liability partnership.Limited Liability partnership Limited Liability partnership have two types of partners (1) general partners who invest capital, manage the business, and are personally liable for partne rship debts and (2) limited partners who invest capital but do not participate in management and are not personally liable for partnership debts beyond their capital contributions. (Cheeseman, 2010). The formation of this type of form of business does require formal and public disclosure and has to comply with requirements set up by the RULPA or other state statutes.When forming this type of partnership Beth and Sam will need a certificate. This certificate must have to include the name of the limited partnership and the type of business this partnership will be. The certificate must show the address of the business and who will receive the formal legal notices regarding the business. Also included must be the name and business address of each general and limited partner, along with the date the limited partnership will dissolve. Lastly, the amounts contributed by each person and any future amounts that will be paid to each contributor must be listed. Formation of the limited Liability partnership does not commence until all of the paperwork is filed with the state and county and must have the proper certificate kept current for as long as the limited partnership is in existence. Beth, Sam, and their limited partners are doing well in their business and it is continuing to grow and prosper. Beth and Sam feel confident enough to move more in the direction of becoming a corporation, but yet feel they are not yet definite on corporation formation so in doing research they decide that they would move the company toward the formation of a Limited Liability company (LLC)Limited Liability Company A Limited Liability Company is neither a corporation nor a partnership. This type of business entity, when properly structured, is designed to combine the benefits of corporate liability protection with the pass through tax treatment and management flexibility of a partnership (Kaufamn, 2007). This being a newly formed form of business the laws are different from state to state and usually require that the business set this type of form up by seeking legal guidance before advancing the business to this level. This formation takes a little more than just the forming of it.They need to file an article of organization with the secretary of state. Articles must be very detailed in regard to an operating agreement about how the business will operate, who shares in the profits and losses, how you will induct new members and treat members that are retiring or resigning. The owners, also called members, control this type of form of business. LLC’s require a certain number of members; this differs by state and are usually contoled by a manager. Sam and Beth need to determine who the manager will be, and how much authority the manager and members will have on decision-making.Advantages to this type of business formation over other types are that the liability of the members for debts is limited to the extent of their investment and that if one or the other owners wants to transfer ownership it requires the unanimous consent of all members unless the operating agreement is set up differently. This is not the form of business, which you would set up if you plan on your business being around for many years to come. Sam and Beth both have children who now want to come into the business, in hopes of taking over the business when Sam or Beth retires. Sam and Beth want a little more affordability to borrow money hold property and legally do nearly anything that an individual can do and now want to offer stock to their employees and the public. At this point they want to incorporate the company and have less liability and more protection for their personal assets. Corporations usually all start the same the only difference between a corporation and an S corporation is how you want the corporation to be treated at tax time. S Corporation S corporation stands for subchapter a form of a corporation. It is distinguished because it elects to be treated as if it were a partnership at tax time.What this means is that the corporation pays no tax and the profits pass through to the stockholder who pay income tax on what they receive. This corporation type has shares that represent ownership of the corporation, and a corporation can exist forever apart from its founders. Beth and Sam have decided that with their business growing and expanding that by incorporating they have more flexibility to acquire increase financial capital and allows them to complete their goals. With the added funds, they are now able to branch out into several states and franchise their business.Franchise A franchise is established when one party licenses another party to use the franchisors trade name, trademarks; commercial symbols patents copyrights and other property in the distribution and selling of goods and services. Generally, the franchisor, and the franchisee establish themselves as separate corporations. Advantages to this form of business are that it allows new markets to be reached, allows the business to expand and grow, and allows the franchisee the advantage of acquiring the knowledge and resources of the franchiser yet running as an independent business with niform product quality. Beth and Sam enjoyed when their business was small. When their business was s mall, they had their hands in the actual preparation of their products. The business has grown, they have less hand- on of the actual manufacturing of their product, and because they have branched out into being an S corporation and into franchising, they now are more involved in the corporate world of business. Corporate Form A corporation is a business or organization formed by a group of people, and it has rights and liabilities separate from those of the individuals involved.It may be a nonprofit organization, engaged in activities for the public good; a municipal corporation, such as a city or town; or a private corporation that has been organized to make a profit. Conclusion The growing experience from sole proprietorship, to a corporation has been a long process with mistakes and triumphs. The journey came with many decisions regarding what legal form of business an entrepreneur should take. Sole proprietorship or incorporation each comes with their own share of legal liability and tax incentives and taxation problems.

Information Based Decision Making free essay sample

As a manager, it is vital that all decision that I have to make is based on accurate and recorded information. Making decisions are everyday activities and very often it is being performed without really thinking about them. Information based decision making enables me to understand the problem solving cycle, use creativity in decision making, anticipate potential problems, gain the commitment of others to my decisions in order that they may be effectively implemented and I am able to evaluate the effectiveness of the techniques I used. Running a care home for the elderly faces me with an everyday activities of decision making. Please look at the case of Mrs W below. Mrs W has been admitted to our care for six months now. Her care plan states that she has dementia and has a poor short term memory but can make her needs known. Ms W is very mobile. She will always look for her husband and her son thinking that they are still living together and this is the trigger for her to be unsettled and anxious. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Based Decision Making or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mrs W used to be a manageress and supervises a number of workers. She thinks that staff and residents are her workers. She needs constant reminder that she’s not working anymore and where she is now is not her workplace. Mr W, as the next of kin was involved in creating Mrs W’s care plan and he has signed it. A risk assessment was in place to ensure safety of Mrs W. The Kepner-Tregoc method of decision making distinguishes between plans which is seen as the means of dealing with potential problems; problems, seen as deviation from the norms and decisions which are choices between alternatives. Mrs W has a care plan made by the care staff which state of what could be the potential problem that might arise when looking after Mrs W and how the care staff can support her. As mentioned, Mrs W’s dementia presents itself in a poor short term memory and mainly remember only about her husband and son. Also, her workplace and how she manages the people working under her supervision which leads to her being anxious and agitated. Mrs W’s behaviour was getting worst every day. She was becoming physically and verbally aggressive towards staff, visitors and residents. I have advised the staff to start filling in a behavioural chart to find out if there is any pattern to her behaviour. And so there will be a basis in changing the plan of care for Mrs W. The family has been made aware of her behaviour and we have decided to refer her to the GP to rule out any medical condition and for her to be referred to a psychiatrist. GP visit confirmed that Mrs W needs a psychiatric referral. The potential problem has now become an existing problem. Problems needs to be analyzed and it requires sharp observation, analysis, specific comparison all aimed at identifying the cause and taking actions. Psychiatrist came and visited Mrs W and looked at her care plan. Family attended as well. An agreed management/plan of care was created for Mrs W and will be monitored and reviewed in an agreed span of time. Family was agreeable to it. Staff has been informed through handover what were the changes in Mrs W’s care and the care plan was updated. Despite the changes in Mrs W’s care, she now wants to get out of the building almost every day to see her husband and son. Mrs W’s care plan has been reviewed and referred back to psychiatrist and a medication review has been done. Because of Mrs W’s wanting to get out of the building by forcefully banging and opening the door, I have to adhere to the organisation’s policy and procedure and the essential standards of CQC in ensuring that we are not depriving Mrs W’s liberty . And how we manage her when she is physically aggressive is for her best interest. I have made a referral to the safeguarding team to the local council to carry out an assessment for Mrs W. Safeguarding team has done their assessment with the involvement of Mrs W’s family and the care staff. The measures we use to keep Mrs W safe do not deprive her of her liberty. This particular incident, proves that all decision made by our care team were based on information that are available on Mrs W’s care plan. All the data gathered and shared to the health team were used for specified purpose only of ensuring Mrs W receives the best care in the care home. Decision making is about choosing from a range of options. In the case of Mrs W, GP were involved first to rule out any possible medical condition before the referral to the psychiatrist was made. And the involvement of the safeguarding team of the local council. This was made possible because of the quality information through factual recording by the care staff of Mrs W’s behavioural problems. The outcome of the decision in Mrs W’s care has been communicated to the staff through verbal and written handover. All the changes were indicated in her care plan. Staff were advised that it should be carried out with the supervision of the senior carers. Senior carers has the responsibility to monitor the effectiveness of the new care plan and making sure that it is being evaluated every month and make necessary changes based on the information gathers through observation, assessment and input from the care staff. On supervisions of the senior carers, I always ask them to bring in any of the care plan that they should be updating and check if all the necessary updates are being done. It is my way of evaluating /auditing the effectiveness of the communication method we used in the home.

10X TBE Electrophoresis Buffer Protocol or Recipe

10X TBE Electrophoresis Buffer Protocol or Recipe TBE and TAE are used as buffers in molecular biology, primarily for electrophoresis of nucleic acids.  Tris buffers are used under slightly basic pH conditions, as for DNA electrophoresis, because this keeps the DNA soluble in the solution and deprotonated so it will be attracted to the positive electrode and will migrate through a gel. EDTA is an ingredient in the solution because this common chelating agent protects nucleic acids from degradation by enzymes. The EDTA chelates divalent cations that are cofactors for nucleases that may contaminate the sample. However, since the magnesium cation is a cofactor for DNA polymerase and restriction enzymes, the concentration of EDTA is kept purposely low (around 1 mM concentration). 10X TBE Electrophoresis Buffer Materials 108 g of Tris base [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane]55 g of boric acid7.5 g of EDTA, disodium saltDeionized water Preparation for  the 10X TBE Electrophoresis Buffer Dissolve the Tris, boric acid, and EDTA in 800 ml of deionized water.​Dilute the buffer to 1 L. Undissolved white clumps may be made to dissolve by placing the bottle of solution in a hot water bath. A magnetic stir bar can aid the process. You do not need to sterilize the solution. Although precipitation may occur after a span of time, the stock solution is still usable. You can adjust the pH using a pH meter and dropwise addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl). Its fine to store TBE buffer at room temperature, although you may wish to filter the stock solution through a 0.22-micron filter to remove particle that would foster precipitation. 10X TBE Electrophoresis Buffer Storage Store the bottle of 10X buffer solution at room temperature. Refrigeration will accelerate precipitation. Using 10X TBE Electrophoresis Buffer The solution is diluted before use. Dilute 100 mL of 10X stock to 1 L with deionized water. 5X TBE Stock Solution Recipe The advantage of the 5X solution is that its less likely to precipitate. 54 g of Tris base (Trizma)27.5 grams of boric acid20 mL of 0.5 M EDTA solutionDeionized water Preparation Dissolve the Tris base and boric acid in the EDTA solution.Adjust the pH of the solution to 8.3 using concentrated HCl.Dilute the solution with deionized water to make 1 liter of 5X stock solution. The solution may also be diluted to 1X or 0.5X for electrophoresis. Using a 5X or 10X stock solution by accident will give you poor results because as much heat will be generated.  In addition to giving you poor resolution, the sample may be damaged. 0.5X TBA Buffer Recipe 5X TBE stock solutionDistilled deionized water Preparation Add 100 mL of the 5X TBE solution to 900 mL of distilled deionized water. Mix thoroughly before use. Limitations Although TBE and TAE are common electrophoresis buffers, there are  other options  for low-molarity conductive solutions, including lithium borate buffer and sodium borate buffer. The problem with TBE and TAE are that Tris-based buffers limit the electric field that can be used in electrophoresis because too much charge causes a runaway temperature.

The African Union Organization

The African Union Organization The African Union is one of the worlds most important intergovernmental organizations. It is composed of 53 countries in Africa and is loosely based on the European Union. These African countries work diplomatically with each other despite differences in geography, history, race, language, and religion to try to improve the political, economic, and social situations for the approximately one billion people that live on the African continent. The African Union promises to protect Africas rich cultures, some of which have existed for thousands of years. African Union Membership The African Union, or AU, includes every independent African country except Morocco. Additionally, the African Union recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, which is a portion of Western Sahara; this recognition by the AU caused Morocco to resign. South Sudan is the newest member of the African Union, joining on July 28, 2011, less than three weeks after it became an independent country. The OAU: The Precursor to the African Union The African Union was formed after the dissolution of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 2002. The OAU was formed in 1963 when many African leaders wanted to accelerate the process of European decolonization and gain independence for a number of new nations. It also wanted to promote peaceful solutions to conflicts, ensure sovereignty forever, and raise living standards. However, the OAU was largely criticized from the beginning. Some countries still had deep ties to its colonial masters. Many countries associated themselves with the ideologies of either the United States or the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War. Although the OAU gave weapons to rebels and was successful in eliminating colonization, it could not eliminate the massive poverty problem. Its leaders were seen as corrupt and unconcerned for the welfare of the common people. Many civil wars occurred and the OAU could not intervene. In 1984, Morocco left the OAU because it opposed the membership of Western Sahara. In 1994, South Africa joined the OAU after the fall of apartheid. The African Union Is Founded Years later, Libyas leader Muammar Gaddafi, a strong proponent of African unity, encouraged the revival and improvement of the organization. After several conventions, the African Union was formed in 2002. The headquarters of the African Union is in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Its official languages are English, French, Arabic, and Portuguese, but many documents are also printed in Swahili and local languages. The leaders of the African Union work together to promote health, education, peace, democracy, human rights, and economic success. Three AU Administrative Bodies The heads of state of each member country form the AU Assembly. These leaders meet semi-annually to discuss the budget and major goals of peace and development. The current leader of the African Union Assembly is Bingu Wa Mutharika, the President of Malawi. The AU Parliament is the legislative body of the African Union and is composed of 265 officials who represent the common people of Africa. Its seat is in Midrand, South Africa. The African Court of Justice works to ensure that human rights for all Africans are respected. The Improvement of Human Life in Africa The African Union strives to improve every aspect of government and human life on the continent. Its leaders try to improve educational and career opportunities for ordinary citizens. It works to get healthy food, safe water, and adequate housing to the poor, especially in times of disaster. It studies the causes of these problems, like famine, drought, crime, and war. Africa has a high population that suffers from diseases like HIV, AIDS, and malaria, so the African Union tries to give treatment to the afflicted and provide education to prevent the spread of these diseases. The Improvement of Government, Finances, and Infrastructure The African Union supports agricultural projects. It works to improve transportation and communication and promotes scientific, technological, industrial, and environmental advancement. Financial practices like free trade, customs unions, and central banks are planned. Tourism and immigration ​are promoted, as well as better uses of energy and the protection of Africas precious natural resources such as gold. Environmental problems like desertification are studied, and Africas livestock resources are given aid. The Improvement of Security A major goal of the African Union is to encourage the collective defense, security, and stability of its members. The African Unions democratic principles have gradually reduced corruption and unfair elections. It tries to prevent conflicts between member nations and solve any disputes that do arise quickly and peacefully. The African Union can grant sanctions on disobedient states and withhold economic and social benefits. It does not tolerate inhumane acts such as genocide, war crimes, and terrorism. The African Union can intervene militarily and has sent peacekeeping troops to alleviate political and social disorder in places like Darfur (Sudan), Somalia, Burundi, and Comoros. However, some of these missions have been criticized as being too underfunded, undermanned, and untrained. A few nations, like Niger, Mauritania, and Madagascar have been suspended from the organization after political events like coup detats. Foreign Relations of the African Union The African Union works closely with diplomats from the United States, European Union, and United Nations. It receives aid from countries around the world to deliver on its promises of peace and health for all Africans. The African Union realizes that its member nations must unite and cooperate to compete in the worlds increasingly globalized economy and foreign relations. It hopes to have a single currency, like the euro, by 2023. An African Union passport may exist one day. In the future, the African Union hopes to benefit people of African origin living throughout the world. African Union Struggles Linger The African Union has improved stability and welfare, but it does have its challenges. Poverty is still a tremendous problem. The organization is deeply in debt and many consider some of its leaders to still be corrupt. Moroccos tension with Western Sahara continues to strain the entire organization. However, several smaller multi-state organizations exist in Africa, like the East African Community and the Economic Community of West African States, so the African Union can study how successful these smaller regional organizations have been in combating poverty and political strife. Conclusion In conclusion, the African Union comprises all but one of Africas countries. Its goal of integration has fostered one identity and has enhanced the political, economic, and social climate of the continent, thereby giving hundreds of millions of people a healthier and more successful future.

A reflective report based upon the considerations of career direction Essay

A reflective report based upon the considerations of career direction - Essay Example It is worth mentioning that a better career plan might support individuals in managing along with organising their respective learning and development procedures (Department of Training and Workforce Development, 2011). With this concern, the essay intends to produce a reflective report based upon the considerations of career direction. Various aspects, such as an outline of a relevant structure for developing a career plan, identification of career goals and recognition of strengths along with weaknesses will also be discussed in the following discussion. An Outline of an Appropriate Structure for Developing a Career Plan Knowing Yourself Prior to forming and developing an appropriate structure for developing a career plan, I would like to share my education qualifications and the capabilities that would help me to attain my career goal. I am an undergraduate in the field of business management, having specialisation in Finance. I successfully studied from York St. John University, wherein I creatively developed my capabilities towards new and diverse environments. This can be justified with reference to the fact that the undergraduate program was segregated into dissimilar modules comprising marketing, globalisation, finance and financial management dimensions among others. As the undergraduate program encompassed the aforementioned modules, it made me possible to obtain an in-depth understanding about the conditions prevailing in the modern day business scenario. Apart from these educational qualifications and the capabilities that I possess, I believe my linguistic skills can assist me to attain my predetermined career goal i.e. to become a hotel manager. For instance, my fluency in English language and breakthrough Japanese language would provide active support towards the accomplishment of my career objective. Specially mentioning, I had taken an initiative of self-funding an evening course in language, which I had completed during my first and second yea rs of the program. This initiative eventually raised my capability in planning ahead towards the attainment of my career objective. Understanding the Job Market Prior to provide a brief understanding about the job market, it is quite indispensable to identify my career goal. In this similar concern, my career goal is to become a hotel manager in the UK. It can be apparently observed in this context that the job market in the UK is quite promising and the job opportunity relating to the position of a hotel manager in the region is also likely to be rising in future. With regard to acquire an in-depth understanding about the job market of a hotel manager in the UK, it can be viewed that there prevails nearly 12,000 hotel establishments, engaging a substantial proportion of the entire labour force. The presence of wider range of hotel establishments in the UK can also be observed, ranging from smaller to bigger multinational chains that are engaged in offering quality along with soothi ng services to the guests or the visitors. As

Hurricane Katrina Health Impact in Louisiana Research Paper

Hurricane Katrina Health Impact in Louisiana - Research Paper Example Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the hurricane made great unprecedented devastation, which had adverse effects on the people of the neighboring coastlines such as Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana. Moreover, inside the countryside to an extent of 150 miles, significant devastation was witnessed from the hurricane that could be seen many weeks after the disaster (Palser, 2007). Introduction Hurricane Katrina was the most destructive and deadliest hurricane to be reported in the United States in the modern history. The hurricane struck on the coastline on august 2005 causing devastating health problems to the people of Louisiana and their neighboring vicinities. Various health problems arose out of the hurricane. This hurricane is said to be the costliest and the one of the five deadliest Atlantic hurricanes in the history of USA. From the hurricane, at least 1833 people succumbed to injuries from the debris and suspended floods caused by the hurricane. The estimated total cost of the hurricane is $81billion as of 2005, nearly three times more than that of hurricane Andrew in 1992 (Rodger, 2006). Statement of the Problem Hurricane Katrina caused many damages to the people of Louisiana especially in the health sector. Many people contracted diseases or were infected with different diseases caused by the hurricane

The ends of the 3 short stories Essay Example for Free

The ends of the 3 short stories Essay Who or what do you think is to blame for the tragic events at the ends of the 3 short stories? In your answer you should compare the effects of the following contributing factors:   Values and attitudes of 1800s   The characters and personalities of the females   The attitudes of the community towards the female characters The role and influence of men The tragic events at the end of the three short stories The Withered Arm by Thomas Hardy, The Melancholy Hussar also by Thomas Hardy, and The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, are not the consequence of any one cause in particular. There are many different causes that could explain the tragic events, and these will now be investigated. A womans activities and learning completely depended on how well off they were; whether they were a rich lady or a poor woman. In Hardys The Withered Arm and in another of his books The Melancholy Hussar, we see examples of both: Gertrude Lodge and Phyllis are the well off ladies, and Rhoda Brook is the poor milkmaid. They didnt choose what they wanted to be, they were just born that way. There are clear differences between a lady and a woman: a poor woman was not educated (which was very bad in the 1800s), but the rich lady was educated (but only on the skills that she would need to help her get a husband); the poor woman married a working man for a better money income and chose who she married, but a rich lady would usually marry someone that her father chose. By these two facts, it is clear to see that women were simply thought of as possessions of men, nothing more. This is illustrated in Hardys The Melancholy Hussar: she considered herself likely to become a possession of another. Wealthy men had to go through a ladys father even to make her acquaintance: made her fathers acquaintance in order to make hers. Rich women hired poorer women to work for them as housecleaners and maids. This is an example of how class was considered to be important in Victorian society. In The Withered Arm, the tragic event which was Rhodas sons execution is a consequence of societys division of classes. Rhodas son was poor, like Rhoda herself, thusly putting him in the lower class. This is reflected in the clothes that he wore. Gertrude brings a new pair of boots round for him because his old ones would not keep my feet dry if it came on wet, because they were so cracked. The state of his clothes signifies his class. Presumably, the people who had caught Rhodas son were fairly wealthy. Therefore, it is possible that they may have jumped to the conclusion that since he was a poor, lower class boy, he must have been doing something wrong. The second tragic event at the end of The Withered Arm is Gertrudes death. There is somewhat of a mystery of how she died. It could have been the impact of her being thrown against the wall, or it could have been the medical cure she was attempting that could have killed her. Her choice to attempt this cure was influenced by society and by her own personality and character. She is a very pretty lady: rosy-cheeked, tisty-tosty body and this is what attracted Farmer Lodge to her. But when she got the skin discolouration, her own personality makes her take measures against it. She is very eager to please Farmer Lodge: hoping against hope to win back his heart again by regaining some at least of her personal beauty and when their relationship gets worse and worse because of Farmer Lodges obsession, she tries to regain her beauty by any means necessary. This is also brought about by societys reaction. Since Gertrude is in the higher classes, she is held in better respect than, say, Rhoda. Therefore, society expects a pretty, intelligent lady. When she gets the skin discolouration, society doesnt have the pretty lady anymore. Gertrude becomes more desperate and finally, on Conjuror Trendles advice, she goes to try one last cure: placing her discoloured and disfigured arm on the neck of a hangman just when he has been cut down. Rhoda appears when Gertrude is conducting the cure and then throws her against the wall. In a way, it is Rhodas fault also that Gertrude died. Rhoda had plenty of reasons to be angry with Gertrude. Gertrude came along and married Farmer Lodge, taking Rhodas place as it were. She caused Rhoda to have the vision in which Rhoda grabbed her and threw her to the ground and, to top it all off, Rhoda now finds her with her disfigured arm on her dead son. It pushed her over the limit and caused her to react with violence. The tragic event at the end of The Melancholy Hussar, is the shooting of Matthi us Tina and his friend Christoph Bless. The actions of Phyllis and her personality explain why they were shot, but society can explain Phyllis personality. Phyllis Grove is extremely isolated and secluded living with her father in a half farm, half manor-house. The mention of a manor house suggests that she is wealthy and a member of the higher classes of society. Society enforces the characteristic that all high-class ladies should have a husband. She was being owned by her father, as it was with all daughters and fathers. She had not yet got married because she does not want to become a possession of another. However, she ends up falling for and getting engaged to marry Humphrey Gould, which was not socially common considering that he was of lower class than her. He had to leave town for a while to tend to his sick father because there were no other relations nearer. He promised he would return to Phyllis in a few weeks. However, these few weeks pass, followed by the next season but he didnt return. Phyllis was not very inquisitive when the German Hussars camped near to the town, because she became very shy living in seclusion in the manor house: became so shy if she met a stranger she felt ashamed at his gaze, walked awkwardly, and blushed to her shoulders. She came to know a German Hussar called Matthi us Tina because he frequently walked past a wall on which Phyllis usually sat. Since Humphrey Gould was not back yet, her character allowed her to get to know Matthi us. The community started to gossip about rumours that Humphrey Gould may be having an affair: he was not sure, indeed, that he might not cast his eyes elsewhere. Phyllis believes the hearsay and she and Matthi us along with Christoph and two other men try to take a boat from the harbour, in order to row to France then travel to Germany. Matthi us and Phyllis were going to live together and leave Humphrey behind. Though, at the last minute, Humphrey Gould returns. She hears him talking and she discovers that he has been living in truth the whole time. She reproaches herself for believing the hearsay. The failed escape attempt got Matthi us and Christoph captured. They were tried for court-marshal and then shot as deserters. If Phyllis had stayed and gone with Matthi us then he may not have been caught. The pressure on her from society to do the right thing cost Matthi us, Christoph and the two companions their lives. The tragic event at the end of The Yellow Wallpaper is the main female becoming insane and completely losing her mind. Society is primarily to blame for this, but also so is her husband John. The main character is apparently ill, according to her husband John who is a physician. She takes tablets and steroids but nothing is working very well. They rent out an old house to live in for 3 months whilst the old one is refurbished. The main character is forced to live in a room for these 3 months with horrible yellow wallpaper. She is a member of the high class in society. This is attainable due to the amount of technical terms, for example, that she using whilst describing the wallpaper: debased Romanesque delirium tremens isolated columns of fatuity. She never leaves the room for most of the three months and is forbidden to do practically everything by John. This is basically what is called the Rest Cure which was developed by Silas Weir Mitchell, an American physician who became famous for his work on nervous disorders. Patients of the Rest Cure were usually condemned to bed for six weeks to two months. They are not allowed to sit up, sew, read, or write. They are only allowed to clean their teeth, and sometimes they were not allowed to turn over by themselves. Silas did this because he found no motion desirable. In these cases, the patient is lifted out of bed in the evening onto a couch and given a sponge bath. The main character in The Yellow Wallpaper was allowed to get out of bed and walk around a bit, but was told not to read or write by John her husband. Still, she wrote down what is read in the story and keeps it hidden from him. In all cases of weakness, a nurse fed the patient. In many cases, Silas allowed the patient to get out of bed to go and use the toilet. After about a fortnight, Silas would allow the patient to read one to three hours a day, and frequently nervous and anaemic women jumped (not literally! ) at the chance. He says in a written account of himself: The moral uses of enforced rest are readily estimated. From a restless life of irregular hours, and probably endless drugging, from hurtful sympathy and over-zealous care, the patient passes to an atmosphere of quiet, to order and control, to the system and care of a thorough nurse, to an absence of drugs, and to simple diet. The result is always at first, whatever it may be afterwards, a sense of relief, and a remarkable and often a quite abrupt disappearance of many of the nervous symptoms with which we are all of us only too sadly familiar. The Rest Cure and the way that John her husband has acted to her illness are examples of how men have authority over women. The main female becomes more and more interested with the yellow wallpaper, slowly discovering new things about it. Her mental condition continues to worsen and she starts to think that she can see people behind the wallpaper, a woman, trying to get out. This woman could be a representation of the main character in society. Trapped, and unable to break free of all the laws and regulations. Eventually, she becomes nearly completely insane due to her being trapped in he room for three months, having to constantly look at the yellow wallpaper. She starts tearing bits off, trying to free the women behind, but also to get rid of it because it was driving her insane. At the end of the story, the main character loses her mind and speaks as though she was the women she had seen behind the wallpaper, and she had finally got out and couldnt be put back: Ive got out at last Ive pulled off most of the paper, so you cant put me back!

William Faulkner Essay -- Biography

The South is known for its many astounding artists, novelists, and writers; however, William Faulkner is uniquely categorized by many as one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. Faulkner became known for his diction and literary techniques. William Faulkner chronicled the history of Mississippi: however, his choice of universal themes made him a literary giant around the world. Faulkner achieved many great accomplishments without a high school diploma or college degree. Faulkner had proved to the world that Southern writers were not as substandard as many viewed them to be. They were, in fact, quite phenomenal. William Faulkner born on September 25, 1897 to Murry Cuthbert Falkner, a railroad employee and Maud Butler, an amateur painter (Minter, 755). Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi ; however, he spent most of his life in Oxford, Mississippi (Polk, 55). In Oxford, Faulkner began listening to many stories told at small family gatherings as well as large reunions. Many stories told by Faulkner’s family originated from adventures of Faulkner’s great-grandfather, Colonel William Clark Falkner . Since Faulkner was disappointed and embarrassed by the meager success of his own father, he drew closer to his grandfather, but it was his great-grandfather who he saw as a model and rival ( Minter, 755). Faulkner was an excellent student throughout the first several grades; however, he quit school in 1915 without a diploma disappointing his family. Even though Faulkner dropped out of school, he read avidly (Minter, 755). Faulkner made a habit of hanging around places where people gathered to swap tales ; After Faulkner began writing about north Mississippi , a friend remarked that, â€Å" he seemed to know e... ...y two of his novels received Pulitzer Prizes. In 1924 Faulkner received the Nobel Prize for literature for his unique contribution to the modern American novel. After Faulkner donated his Nobel winnings to establish a fund to support and encourage new fiction writers, the PEN/Faulkner Award for fiction was established. Whenever Faulkner’s involvement in the early phases of the civil rights movement evoked, he and Estelle moved to Charlottesville, Virginia , where Faulkner became writer-in-residence at the university of Virginia (minter, 760). In conclusion, William Faulkner, the Southern writer , Nobel and Pulitzer prize winner, sweep the nation with his diction and literary techniques. With his fictional stories he laid literary hands on Mississippi and narrated the universe throughout its culture. His universal themes made him a literary giant around the world.

Managing a Foreign Subsidiary

Outline 1. Introduction The objective of the research is to manage the subsidiary of Metersbonwe in Brazil and Russia. Metersbonwe is a Chinese local clothing brand. Metersbonwe was founded in 1994, and it specializes in casual wear. The reasons why I choose this brand is that I’m a young man, and I think the design of Metersbonwe is very suitable for the young people. Also, Metersbonwe is a popular brand with low price, so, the developing country like Russia and Brazil could adapt the price.However, to manage a subsidiary in a foreign country is full of challenge, and the one of the important factor to make it success is The Five Dimensions of National Culture. Power Distance (PDI): the extent to the power distribution is unequally in the less powerful member. Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV): the extent to the individuals integrates into the group. Masculinity Femininity (MAS): the degree of the sexism in the culture. Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI): how this culture trea t the uncertainty and ambiguity.Long-Term Orientation (LTO): the Long-term cultures value thrift and perseverance, but, the short-term cultures value tradition, the fulfillment of social obligations and protecting honors. The other factor is the leadership style. There 3 different leadership styles is Authoritarian Style, Democratic Style, Laissez-Faire Style respectively. I think my leadership style is Democratic Style, because I will not be authoritarian to make the company all listen to me, A man's wisdom is limited, so, I need group’s wisdom to help the company become stronger.I will also not be Laissez-Faire Style, as a subsidiary company’s leader, I have a responsibility to carry the company. The research is anticipated to manage Metersbonwe in Russia and Brazil. The most important elements to manage the subsidiary in Russia and Brazil are local culture, people’s cloth wearing habit and the weather. 2. Methods The only data collection method used in the re search is Internet research, because, it’s limited by the source around.But the amount of the information on the internet was plenty, also, is easy to get the useful information on the internet, although the data collect by internet research may have less authenticity and accuracy, it is enough for this research. The internet research provided lot background knowledge, relatively official information about the company, many culture conventions in the Russia and Brazil and the Unilever’s business model in Russia and Brazil to locate the research, the internet research method helps a lot in this research. . Findings 2. 1. Examine the cultural conventions influencing business In Russia and Brazil Russia: Normal business hours are 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. Mondays to Fridays, and It is not unusual for Russians to renegotiate a contract. Brazil: Schedule the business meeting at least 2 weeks. Use casual conversation to start a business meeting or negotiation. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 4. 2. Determine Unilever’s business model in Russia and Brazil Russia: * Focused on special development program * Building leadership in large categories Using employees from 11 different nationalities Brazil: * have a local structure * top notch infrastructure * 10 major categories to sustained market leadership 2. Discussion 3. 2. Interpret the findings in light of thesis statement 3. 3. 1. Advantage for Metersbowe in Russia Diversity staff to build up the company’s culture exchange 3. 3. 2. Disadvantage for Metersbonwe in Russia Need long time to reconcile the cross culture staff 3. 3. 3. Advantage for Metersbonwe in Brazil Is not emphasize the culture convention . 3. 4. Disadvantage for Metersbonwe in Brazil 3. 3. Assess the effectiveness of the research * Not enough information to locate the Unilever’s business model in Russia and Brazil * Only internet research to fulfill the report, no other reliable source of data 3. Conclusions 4. 4. Identify and justify the Metersbonwe in Brazil * the country I choose to manage Metersbonwe is Brazil * Metersbonwe as a new brand access in Brazil clothing market 4. 5. Suggestion * More source of data provide * Confirm the accuracy of the data

Health Care Decisions of the Mentally Ill

The mentally ill are an extremely vulnerable group when it comes to receiving adequate health care as well as being â€Å"allowed† to make those critical decisions that affect their lives. Although the perception exists that as a whole the mentally ill are ill equipped if not downright incapable of making those decisions, the reality is not so carved in stone.   The stereotypes of the mentally ill both lessen their ability to â€Å"participate in the management of their illness and achieve desired treatment outcomes,† and â€Å"encourages pessimistic and non-therapeutic attitudes and behaviors among clinicians making them receptive to the requests of their mentally ill patients.† (National 2006 p. 80). The perception is that the mentally ill pose a danger to both themselves and society, therefore need to have all â€Å"important† decisions made for them, just as a child would. The mentally ill are often coerced into making decisions that are neither true to their wishes, or good for their lives. In reality, the majority of the mentally ill are quite capable of making their own health care decisions, and only rarely does their illness affect those decisions, requiring a family member or friend to step forward. Research has shown that the mental health population has â€Å"elevated rates of some disease and health complications from psychiatric medication,† and, in fact tend to die at significantly younger ages than the general population. (Mental 2006 p. 1).   There are, of course, circumstances where intervention by another party becomes a necessity.   In the more severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia or severe bi-polar disease, the ability to make rational decisions can become severely impaired, requiring a guardian ad-litem to make decisions that are in the best interest of the patient. Our current system of HMO’s also put the mentally ill patient at a further disadvantage because â€Å"psychiatric disorders leave people ill-equipped to handle the bureaucratic roadblocks inherent in managed care.† (Perina 2002 p. 1). Because there are no concrete routine blood tests or CAT scans that definitively say that a person is ill, the science is much more subjective, therefore more fraught with stumbling blocks. As stated, in most cases, the mentally ill are still quite able to make their own health care decisions and should be allowed to do so without the stereotypes and hardships to make those decisions more difficult. Works Cited: Mental Health Articles (March 15, 2006). Creative Strategies Improve Medical Care for Mentally Ill. Retrieved May 31, 2006 from: http://www.emaxhealth.com/7/4939.html National Academics Press (2000). Improving the Quality of Health Care for Mental and Substance Abuse Patients. Retrieved May 30, 2006 Perina, Kaja. (Mar/April 2002). Battling for Benefits. Retrieved May 31, 2006         

The Annexation of Hawaii essays

The Annexation of Hawaii essays In the 19th century, Hawaii was not a part of the United States. Hawaii was a kingdom, ruled by King Kalakaua, and then surpassed by his sister, who became Queen Liliuokalani. Hawaii was an economically important location for the United States. Since the 1790s, American merchants would stop there on their way to China and India. Followed by the merchants came the Missionaries, who opened up schools and churches on the island. Sugar merchants also settled on Hawaii, and they eventually changed the Hawaiian economy. There were many sugar plantations in Hawaii, and the people who worked on these plantations were from other countries, such as Japan, Portugal, and China. Sugar was easily sold to the U.S. because there was no tariff, or shipping tax, on the sugar. The McKinley Tariff of 1890, however, placed a tax on Hawaiian sugar, and made it more expensive than Cuban sugar. Plantation owners wanted Hawaii to be annexed so their sugar would be tax-free. The population of the immigrants who worked on the sugar plantations, combined with the population of the plantation owners, was higher than the population of the Hawaiian people. White business leaders in Hawaii wanted the King, King Kalakaua, to change Hawaiis constitution to grant voting rights only to wealthy landowners, so that meant the natives couldnt vote. Queen Liliuokalani, who took over after her brother, King Kalakaua, died, wanted to remove the property qualifications for voting. She also proposed a new constitution that would restore political power to Hawaiis people, and not the white business leaders, or plantation owners, etc. The business leaders did not like this idea, and with the help of U.S. ambassador John L. Stevens, they organized a revolution against the queen. On January 16, 1893, the U.S.S. Boston appeared in Honolulu harbor, and the marines and volunteer troops imprisoned Queen Liliuokalani in her own palace. A provisional go ...

Learn About Petcoke

Learn About Petcoke Petroleum coke, or petcoke, is a byproduct from the refining of crude oil. It consists mostly of carbon, with variable amounts of sulfurs and heavy metals. It has many industrial uses, including the production of batteries, steel, and aluminum. Lower-grade petcoke, which contains higher concentrations of sulfur, is used as fuel in coal-fired power plants and cement kilns. Lower-grade coal is estimated to represent 75% to 80% of all petcoke produced. The production of petcoke in North America has increased in recent years due to the refining of crude oil originating from Canada’s tar sands region. If all the recoverable bitumen (the â€Å"proven reserves†) from tar sands was removed and refined, several billion tons of petcoke could be produced. When operating at capacity, large U.S. refineries can produce 4,000 to over 7,000 tons of petcoke per day. In 2012 the United States exported 184 million barrels (33 million metric tons) of petcoke, predominantly to China. A lot of petcoke is also produced in Canada, in close proximity to the tar sands, where bitumen is upgraded into synthetic crude oil or syncrude.  Ã‚   A Troublesome Source of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Bitumen’s high density, or what gives it that semi-solid consistency, is explained by the fact that it contains more carbon than conventional oil. Refining crude oil from tar sands involves the reduction of the number of carbon atoms per hydrocarbon molecule. These discarded carbon atoms eventually form petcoke. Since large volumes of tar sand crude oil are currently refined, large amounts of low-grade petcoke are produced and sold as an inexpensive fuel for coal plants. This burning of petcoke is where tar sand bitumen releases extra carbon dioxide, compared to conventional oil. Petcoke produces more CO2 per pound than almost any other energy source, making it a contributor to greenhouse gases and thus a driver of global climate change. Not Just a Carbon Problem Refining sulfur-rich tar sand bitumen concentrates the sulfur content in the petcoke. Compared to coal, petcoke combustion requires the use of additional pollution controls to capture much of that sulfur. In addition, heavy metals are also concentrated into the petcoke. There are concerned with the release of these metals into the air when petcoke is used as a fuel in a coal power plant. These same concentrated heavy metals can enter the environment at storage sites where large piles of petcoke are staged, uncovered. The epicenter of complaints stemming from petcoke storage seems to be in the Chicago, Illinois, area. Large piles of petcoke, each made of thousands of tons of the dusty material, sit along the Calumet River and come from an oil refinery in nearby Whiting, Indiana. These storage sites are in close proximity to residential areas in Chicago’s Southeast side, where residents complain about dust from the petcoke piles blowing into their neighborhoods.   Indirect Effects: Keeping Coal-Fired Plants Open The recent boom in natural gas production has been a challenge for coal-fired power stations. Many have been closed or converted to natural gas power generators. However, petcoke can be used concurrently with coal in many power plants, a practice known as co-firing. Some technical challenges associated with co-firing exist (from petcoke’s high sulfur content, for example), but the very low price of petcoke could be an important factor to keep coal plants open in an economically competitive energy environment. New life could be breathed into slated-to-close coal power plants, with for a net result elevated CO2 emissions. Sources Chicago Sun-Times. Accessed 11 February 2014. Rahm Emanuel to Propose Ordinance Prohibiting New Petcoke Facilities.OilChange International. Accessed 11 February 2014. Petroleum Coke: The Coal Hiding in the Tar Sands.Oxbow Carbon. Accessed 11 February 2014. Petroleum Coke.Pavone, Anthony. Accessed 11 February 2014. Converting Petroleum Coke to Electricity.US Energy Information Administration. Accessed 11 February 2014. U.S. Exports of Petroleum Coke.US Energy Information Administration. Accessed 11 February 2014. Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program.

The appearance of nostalgia for American cinema's history in the films Essay

The appearance of nostalgia for American cinema's history in the films of the 1970s - Essay Example trayed at least one nuclear family and at least some kind of prosperity in his film, for this is the stereotype that was assumed by the early 1970s – that the 1950s were a time of nuclear family and father knows best. A time of unlimited dreams and houses in the suburbs. Picket fences and family dogs. Benevolent fathers who dispense advice, and mothers who wear aprons and bake cookies. That sort of image. These images are stereotypical, yet are still the stuff of 1950s fantasies. These images are also not the way that it really was. Stephanie Coontz (1997) provides a coherent counterpoint for this idealized version of the 1950s. Coontz states that, although Americans in 1996 voted the 1950s as the most idyllic time for a child to grow up, in reality, the decade still left much to be desired. The 1950s was a time of prosperity, in that wages were growing at a higher rate than any other decade, while the median priced home was only 15 to 18 percent of a man’s salary. Yet, women were not treated well, nor were minorities, and parents did not communicate well with their children. The children of the 1950s, meanwhile, have stated, by and large, that they would not want the same marriage as their parents. They state that their fathers did not provide good role models, and their mothers could not be happy (Coontz, 1997, p. 34). Coontz argues that the nostalgia for the 1950s was rooted in a desire to return to a time when kids were kept on the straight and narrow. The decade was also seen as family friendly, presumably because it was the decade that is not necessarily known for the pornography and media violence that has marked the decades hence. There was also a feeling of optimism (Coontz, 1997, p. 35), more than what is seen in the current decade, and, certainly, more... Movies may give the viewer a sense of nostalgia.This is when the movies portray events that occur during a period of time in a somewhat idealized way. Rock Hudson and Doris Day movies provide a nostalgic view of the 1950s, in that these were cute romantic comedies that featured a masculine man, a pretty petite woman and lots of innocent fun. Westerns may provide a sense of idealization, when it shows the land as being a place of dreams, the hero always wins, and the anti-hero is redeemed. This is not the case with the two movies explained below, The Last Picture Show and Days of Heaven. The Last Picture Show and Days of Heaven represent a different time period from the present, neither of them are particularly nostalgic. As Cook (2005 ) states, nostalgia is a kind of fantasy, so much so that it is more inauthentic then memory. Nostalgia would depend upon an idealized version of what was really true and this is not the case with these two films. The Last Picture Show takes the convent ional wisdom of the 1950s – that this was a time of nuclear families, lemonade stands, picket fences, benevolent fathers and mothers, and obedient children – and stands them on their head. The kids in this film are immoral and crass, one of the central adults is an adulterous drunk, and another central adult is carrying on an affair with a 17-year-old boy. Only Sam the Lion serves as a nostalgic touchstone, as he embodies the values that are supposedly ascribed to this time - virtuosity, wisdom, courage and patience.

Identify components of a typical contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Identify components of a typical contract - Essay Example Contract law is set on the principle which states that agreements between individuals must be reserved. Literally, it stands for maintaining a set of agreements (Ewan, 2005). In order to take either side of the two parties present in this scenario, it is necessary to understand a significant element of a contract as stated in many jurisdictions. The most significant element of a contract states that if one party sets a bid for an arrangement, then another party has to accept the accord. This can be referred to as an arrangement of meeting of the minds or wills of diverse sides (Ewan, 2005). The final accord is contested by the parties involved. The winner of the contest has the final say in the accord. The observable doubt is that a law court cannot interpret the minds of the parties involved. This leads to the contract being judged without bias, with only limited space for questioning the contract’s intention. There ought to be confirmation that the parties had both, from an objective view, engaged in a conduct that made clear their agreement. The confirmation should lead to a contract being created if the sides have arrived at such a state. An objective view means that it is only essential that an individual gives the sense of accepting or offering contractual conditions. This condition should be in view of a realistic individual, who in reality looks to create a legible contract (Barnett, 2003). Jud Wheeler bought the 10 acre piece of land from Krause Company at an agreed price that the two parties settled. The Krause Company later came to the understanding that it had sold its land at a low value which it thought that the buyer, Jud Wheeler, had enticed them to sell. The agreements of the two parties go with the element of a contract that states if one party sets a bid for an arrangement, then the other party has to accept the accord. Jud Wheeler came up

Case study of Chipotle Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Of Chipotle - Case Study Example We ought to solidify Chipotle as Mexican-American food. Unlike our competitors, Chipotle does not use many aspects of Mexican culture to advertise its products. This strategy will establish Chipotle as a household name for Mexican-American food, rather than Mexican fast food. No need to create authentic Mexican experience, since our competitors have tried to do the same since our customer value local ingredients more than imported ingredients and enjoy our food because of its taste and is good for them. Thus our strategy for 2014 should be to learn from our competitors and learn from their downfall. We should avoid the idea that we are a fast food restaurant and instead focus on provision of healthy fresh ingredients. This will distinguish us from the likes of Taco bell and others. We should also do massive marketing that shows how we handle our ingredients. Apart from that our clients should know that purchasing Chipotle means contributing to a greener future. Though they may pay dearly for our services, they should not feel the pinch since we are riding on the promise of our mission statement. They will understand that they are paying for local ingredients and a healthier lifestyle. This will keep their bargaining power low and not compromise the quality of our food for greater profit. Last but not least is solidifying Chipotle as Mexican-American food. No need to create an authentic Mexican experience, since this has been created by our competitors. This will make us stand out and be unique in every way, thus endearing us to our

Case Study: Mathematics In Primary School

Case Study: Mathematics In Primary School During a childs early years it is vital to develop the cognitive and social skills that will allow them to generate a foundation of knowledge and a basic set of skills for learning, which can be applied and developed throughout the rest of their schooling and adult life. This begins with the parental and familial influence on the child and progresses through their Primary School years and interaction with teachers and peers. Communication between parents, teacher and child are therefore of vital importance. Without these ingredients, a child may not achieve their full potential. For the reasons noted above it is necessary to ensure that the mathematical ability of young pupils is well established in the early years setting. A number of recommendations which have implications for pupils and Early Years practitioners are made in the Williams report and will be reviewed below. The impact of parental influence on the developing child is immeasurable. As such it is critical to ensure that the mathematical ability of, and teaching method used by parents is sufficient to understand and teach their child in a way which is relevant to the current syllabus (parents mathematical skills may be weak or outdated). It is also important for parents to encourage positivity towards mathematics this is only possible if they are confident with mathematics themselves. Provision of programmes, such as Sure Start, Effective Provision of Pre-School Education and the work of Parent Support Advisors, aim to achieve this and should continue to receive funding to break the continuing cycle of negativity towards mathematics. It is the responsibility of the Early Years teacher, with specific regard to mathematics, to: Form effective bonds with pupils to affect their learning (one of the key features of Early Years Foundation Stage). Treat the child as a unique individual and adapt pedagogy accordingly, creating an enabling environment for all pupils. Generate interest in the subject matter. Provide basic skills in the core mathematical operations. It is suggested that learning goals should be expanded to include time and capacity. This seems a logical expansion of the core mathematical concepts and will allow for accelerated understanding of the more difficult concepts. Challenge the pupil and generate progression of knowledge, thinking skills and learning methods. However, the child must not be overloaded. Assess progress or lack thereof (allowing generation of the childs Individual Education Plan), provide intervention if necessary, supervise the intervention and correctly assess and acknowledge progress. Involve parents in the childs learning process and provide feedback, especially if the child needs extra support. This can bring the childs ability in-line with peers and prevent the child from falling behind. This is also important in the converse scenario; it is important to challenge a gifted pupil. Parents can be influential here. Assist in the generation of a positive attitude towards Mathematics for pupil and parent(s)/guardian(s). Ensure that the childs confidence is maintained and therefore retain the childs appetite for new learning. Therefore it is vital that teachers develop an effective pedagogy. This process begins with the development of teaching strategies through Initial Teacher Training (ITT) and is enhanced through continuous professional development (CPD). The application of effective pedagogy includes focusing learning appropriately (with guidance from the syllabus), creating realistic yet challenging and tailored educational aims, implementing a well honed teaching technique to achieve educational aims, supported by sufficient subject knowledge. Provision of quality teaching shares a linear relationship with the mean qualification level of all staff. Consequently it is suggested that the DCSF continues to increase the proportion of graduate practitioners in early years settings recognising the respective contributions of the Qualified Teacher. This provides further support for the direction of all staff toward CPD which should be tailored around childrens understanding of mathematical concepts and way s of learning. Effective Early Years mathematical pedagogy must support children in developing new skills, generating the ability to understand and analyse mathematical concepts, and eventually to evaluate and apply those concepts to problem solving tasks. The learning environment should make mathematics less stressful from an early age. With Early Years pupils in mind it is important to utilise play and daily routines to generate interest in numeracy and mathematical problem solving. Simple activities can carry a mathematical concept such as division by sharing, addition/subtraction in weighing activities, assessing shape etc. To continue the cycle, mathematical exercises must be fun to retain the childs interest and expand confidence. Involving peers in problem solving tasks expands social skills and provides partners for discussion whilst knowledge is improved. The head teacher and management team should prioritise and manage professional development opportunities to develop subject knowledge and pedagogy, through learning, coaching and mentoring initiatives for all staff members. It must be ensured that this is not detrimental to contact time. Williams review would encourage the inclusion of a mathematics component in the CPD programme for head teachers themselves. The head teacher must manage resources in-line with the advice of the management team regarding finance available for manpower and learning aids. It is appropriate for the head teacher to appoint subject leaders who become subject specialists, capable of training and supporting other teachers. Ultimately the head teacher and management team are responsible for demonstrating and coaching good practice to their staff. The head teacher should encourage their staff to deliver the curriculum content to emphasis connections between various mathematical concepts. It is important to note that mathematical concepts and the analysis and evaluation of these concepts cannot occur in the absence of English language skills. Pupils and teacher must be comfortable with mathematical language. Problems with language can cause a cyclical reduction of confidence which generates a lack of motivation and ultimately lack of progress. If the child does experience a difficulty in either numeracy or literacy, some form of intervention should be utilised to raise the attainment level of the child. This can be one of three waves of intervention based within the Primary National Strategy. The three waves are of increasing intensity and correlate largely with the group size requiring intervention. The Every Child Counts programme is delivered during wave 3 intervention and targets year 2 pupils who are not expected to achieve expected levels of attainment by the end of Key Stage 1. Currently in its second year of development, for national application in 2010-11, Every Child Counts aims to develop a highly effective numeracy intervention for young children with the greatest difficulties in mathematics (http://www.everychildachancetrust.org/counts/index.cfm). In support of this aim, Every Child Counts provides training and support for teachers. However, teachers must ensure that their CPD targets allow them to effectively deliver any intervention which they deem necessary for the pupils in their care. Understanding intervention, when it is necessary and its importance should be included within the content of ITT understanding of these factors in the early part of a teachers career allows them to apply the principles during delivery of high quality teaching tailored to each chil d on a daily basis (rather than as purely remedial action). As noted earlier, the childs familial and social situation impact upon their education. As such, the Every Child Counts programme is developed in line with the Every Child a Chance Trust which aims to maximise the achievement of children from socially disadvantaged groups. However, it is important to note that wave 3 intervention delivered through the Every Child Counts scheme is targeted at the 5% lowest attaining pupils nationally, not the lowest 5% in each school. This decision has to be based upon time and resources, the availability of specialists to deliver the intervention and costs of the aforementioned it is impossible to provide intervention for all. Unfortunately this leaves a number of pupils without the support they need. As such it must be a long-term target to provide intervention for more children to prevent disadvantaging one over another. According to the Williams report, wave 1 intervention involves quality first teaching in a daily mathematics lesson. This suggests that quality teaching of mathematics is provided only when remedial action becomes necessary, perhaps this is due to a lack of confidence of the teacher with mathematics. Regardless of the specific reason for this assertion, it has implications for teachers and trainee teachers. ITT and CPD courses must also ensure that their mathematical ability, and confidence with mathematics, is high. Furthermore, it is suggested that a Mathematics Specialist is employed to ensure delivery of high quality teaching in mathematics through support of teachers and assistance with intensive wave three interventions. Any intervention technique/programme has a number of essential components/considerations; (i) assessment, (ii) timing, (iii) duration, (iv) withdrawal from regular schooling, (v) group size, (vi) the intervention leader, (vii) intervention resources and (viii) parents. It is critical to continually monitor the progress of all pupils (in comparison with peers and themselves) in order to accurately assess the need for intervention. The assessment phase should highlight goals for and the likely timing of the intervention based on attainment, without negative impact upon the childs confidence in their achievements or ability. Continual assessment through the programme will update the duration of the intervention (determined during assessment. It is suggested that implementation of Every Child Counts is appropriate in Year 2 is timely and practical and will appropriately limit the pressure on Year 1 teachers and pupils. The supportive and corrective intervention programme must not be detrimental to, the need for the pupil to continue learning in other subjects. The intervention must also prevent isolation from peers. Wave 2 intervention is often able to ensure that pupils are brought up-to-speed with the rest of the class whilst receiving the remedial action they require. With this in mind, it is also important to consider the group size used in any intervention. As noted by Dowkers review of the research conducted by Denvir and Brown (1986b), pupils are more relaxed and positive when taught in a group but can often be distracted by others. This has been reflected in the research phase of Every Child Counts. The head teacher and staff must collaborate on the choice to stream children to support the provision of teaching which stretches all pupils. It becomes more difficult to tailor the intervention activities to the unique needs of each child if they are provided in a group session. Progress assessments can also become difficult if the child hides during comprehension activities. It is therefore necessary to balance the benefits against the consequences of group based intervention. The intervention leader and resources needed must be selected according to the level of support required to sufficiently increase attainment; delivery can be undertaken by the class teacher, teaching assistant, Mathematics Specialist (as suggested by Williams) or parents. Cost factors must also be considered, for example, it is more economical for a teaching assistant to deliver a group intervention than a highly qualified teacher or specialist to deliver one-to-one intervention. It is important to ensure that parents understand and are committed to the intervention and provide learning support at home. It is important for the head teacher to allocate time to assess progress of Year 2 pupils with teachers throughout the year allowing them to plan and manage the timetabling and allocation of/need for resources, including intervention resources. To summarise, best practice in teaching mathematics gives children an understanding and appreciation of mathematics. This requires and effective pedagogy which generates progression of knowledge and understanding. The teacher must be confident, inventive and possess excellent communication skills. ITT is central to developing these skills which should be supported by subject-specific Specialists and CPD programmes provided by the Head teacher. Quality teaching and Intervention and programmes such as Every Child Counts must be regarded as an investment in a childs abilities at an early stage to allow them to contribute positively to the economy in adult life. The head teacher and management team must consider the suggestion to employ and manage a Mathematics Specialist and recruit staff who can deliver effective teaching in collaboration with TAs and parents. Work referenced: http://www.everychildachancetrust.org/counts/index.cfm accessed on 30 August 2010

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

According to Stephen Covey an "Effective leader is one who is putting first things first. Effective management is discipline, carrying it out.† In addition, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, effective means â€Å"producing positive effects†, and a leader is â€Å"one who heads an organization.† In Animal Farm, by George Orwell, Napoleon is the character who portrays these traits along with the trait of practicing utilitarianism. Therefore, Napoleon is an effective leader who increases the economy of Animal Farm and practices utilitarianism, the greatest good for the greatest number. One instance the Napoleon shows effectiveness is in the way he leads the economy of Animal Farm. This evident through Squealer’s facts about how â€Å"†¦production of every class of foodstuff [is increasing] by two hundred per cent, three hundred per cent, or five hundred per cent†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (81). This is so because Napoleon balances the mechanics involving the running of the economy producing positive effects for the farm. In addition, Napoleon leads the farm to produce â€Å"†¦the biggest harvest that the farm has ever seen...† which proves even more the effectiveness of Napoleon (24). One more aspect of Napoleon’s effectiveness shows when Napoleons makes â€Å"The farm more prosperous †¦ and better organized†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (113). Napoleon’s decisions on what Animal Farm should do prove to be effective rendering Napoleon an effective leader in the instance of producing desirable effects for the economy. Another instance that outlines the effectiveness of Napoleon adduces its self in the orders he enforces. When Napoleon â€Å"†¦accept[s] a contract for four hundred eggs a week, the price of [the eggs] pay[s] enough [for] grain and meal to keep the farm going till summer†¦Ã¢â‚¬  was clearly providing the best for the most amount of animals. By doing this, Napoleon harms only a small percentage of the animals while the majority benefits. When â€Å"†¦the animals work like slaves [for the windmill]†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this provides for the future betterment of the farm (54). Again, this is providing the greatest good for the greatest number because the building of the windmill will lead to easier lives for the animals of Animal Farm. These improvements of the farm are prime examples of utilitarianism because they benefit the future of Animal Farm.

Operations and Project Management Essay

If we consider the operational process of any organization for example a manufacturing industry, we find that most of such organizations use a bureaucracy structure. Tasks are divided in accordance to various departments. To complement these various departments and make work flexible, most organizations adapt a teamwork system which makes workers more effective in their duties as Styhre,2000, states. This chain of duties determines what will work best within the department area of control. Such an organization therefore must be spearheaded by an established board of directors. This team must have a vision for growth and direction of the entire organization. They are liable to the final decision making with regard to any proposals made by various departmental heads. Next the operations management team must be quick to gather or set goals and implement ideas working efficiently and making the most of available resources and opportunities. According to Hill,2000, they must be able to consistently evaluate the growth and diversity of resources and also any other managerial concerns of the organization. They must manage and ensure that the process of production runs efficiently and also determine whether the product is able to satisfy the current market. Hill further adds that, they must ensure also that the company is running profitably. The administration department is to administer and ensure that all the departments are running smoothly. The human resources department oversees the plight of the employees and their relationship with the employer. They visualize and implement any proposals, ideas, concerns, criticisms from the employees and adapt ways to keep the employees focused on the company’s objectives and plan on employees’ yearly evaluation scheme and remuneration. They are supposed to consistently look for ways to complement and motivate them in order to retain employees. The financial department works supportively with the accounts to present data including Local Purchase Orders. The logistics team must be able to properly evaluate minimal operating costs e. g. arket supply, raw materials and availability of cheap labor etc. They are to ensure the operational data and costs are rationalized including manufacturing and environmental costs. Procurement of materials, supplies and equipment, is also a duty vested on the logistics team. There is also the marketing department whose main function is to create or re-establish business opportunities and explore new markets for the finished goods in the case of manufacturing organizations or marketing of services for the service oriented firms. Another important component is the project management team which is supposed to propose new projects as well as plan for new ones and also implement the existing ones(Dilworth 2000). They must understand the demand of the market and how well they serve the corporate objective. In a manufacturing firm the chain of supply to the customer is the most crucial process. The production department ensures that the manufactured goods are of quality and are up to standard. Thorough attention is required especially to the products’ quality, cost and delivery because end product is of value than the raw material. Of equal importance is the customer services department whose role is to make sure that customers are satisfied with the services being rendered and how the same can be improved. Its significance derives from the fact that the customer is the pillar of any organization because they provide the market for the goods and services being traded and without whom there wouldn’t be continuity of any organization. Communication amongst all departmental heads is a crucial necessity for the successful operation of any organization and can only be accomplished by an information/IT analysis team. It ensures fast execution of duties. Throughout the organization, coordination and effective cooperation will make this process effective. The maintenance department maintains the company’s assets and also ensures that all repair work is done on time. These are some of the various departments and how they function to ensure effectiveness of the organization.